Daniel Spencer, business manager at Charlton Morris, looks at the capabilities of medical simulation technology
Artificial intelligence (AI) and virtual reality (VR) dominated technological headlines in 2018 and the excitement around both shows no sign of abating this year. While riding a roller coaster in our living rooms with a VR headset is exciting, a more practical use for the technology is also emerging as a game changer in medical education and surgical planning.
Preparing surgeons for their first experience in the OR is a difficult task and demonstrations on plastic models or cadavers and textbooks can help, but they only go so far. What VR presents in a surgical setting is the opportunity for a trainee to immerse themselves in a procedure in real-time.
The benefits aren’t just for students, either. The latest simulation technology means that surgeons are better equipped than ever when it comes to preparing for unusual or highly complex procedures.
In an environment where the stakes are so high and the difference between success and failure literally rests on a scalpel edge, the marginal gains represented by technology like this represent a potentially giant leap forward in medical education and surgical planning.
Game changing training
Even if they know every tiny step is being supervised and scrutinised, volunteers are unlikely to be forthcoming for trainee surgeons to practice on. But for Healthcare Professionals (HCPs) to improve, the more time they spend, and the more practice they get in OR-room scenarios the better.
In theory, this is what this technology provides.
Simulation and VR technologies give the HCP an immersive learning experience, allowing them to learn and make mistakes without severe consequences. This means skills can be honed far quicker than through watching procedures and demonstrations. The professional can get hands-on experience much quicker.
Take the tools used – familiarising themselves with the likes of scalpels, drills and saws is a huge part of life as a surgeon. Building muscle memory and familiarity with these items is key to both a surgeon’s confidence and competence. Virtually all the simulators on the market today have life-like tools on hand so the student can get used to handling them. One company taking this a step further is Virtamed, which builds customised simulators and custom-designed tools. This opens up opportunities for those in training to use a wide variety of surgical implements and also appeals to medical device manufacturers that could demonstrate their products’ benefits in a surgical scenario.
Simulators in this field also give the user a full training experience. Montreal-based company OSSimTech is a manufacturer of one such simulator. Its technology provides realistic 3D environments for training in open surgery, allowing users to perform a range of different procedures on the knee, spine or certain trauma cases. This is combined with haptic feedback responsive to the surgeon’s touch, making the experience as authentic as possible.
Not only are the simulators providing a platform, they can also give instruction and feedback. OSSimTech has consulted with senior surgeons to develop metrics for training, meaning that users are provided with real-time feedback on how a surgery is going. Procedures can also be quickly restarted, which means that different surgical scenarios can be tested – a level of experimentation would never be permitted (and rightly so) in the real life OR.
Pre surgical planning
The benefits of simulation aren’t just available to brand new surgeons undergoing their training. It also gives experienced surgeons the opportunity to practice complex surgeries before the event. Companies such as Precision OS have developed a VR platform that caters for surgeons of all levels, allowing experts to practise complex procedures. When practising, they can choose to work with or without guidance, allowing them to either receive instruction during a procedure or feedback afterwards.
Visualisation and mapping is another exciting use of AI and VR in the pre-surgical phase. Companies such as Immersive Touch enable surgeons to transform traditional two-dimensional CT and MRI scans into high-resolution 3D models. These models can then, using a VR headset, be manipulated to observe from any angle. This gives the surgeon a huge advantage when it comes to planning particularly difficult procedures.
This level of preparation gives the surgeon the ability to improve surgical outcomes. The physician can explain every aspect of a surgery to patients and run through the procedure with the OR technicians, ensuring as smooth an outcome as possible.
In highly complex procedures surgeons appreciate all the help they can get. When margins are as fine as they are in surgery, especially in areas like the spine and brain, the help that the ability to practice and map out the procedure with a model provides is invaluable.
Learning centres have to speculate to accumulate
Unsurprisingly, these systems aren’t cheap and current methods of using cadavers or plastic models are currently seen as a lower-cost alternative for teaching hospitals. However, the benefits of a simulator come from reuse value; if a technology is reliable enough to correctly replicate surgical scenarios, the equipment should pay for itself over a period of time, while allowing many more HCPs to practice procedures and hone their skills.
The fact that a simulator can be set up for many different procedures is also massively advantageous from a cost perspective. Take an example such as 3D Systems – they offer simulators for endovascular, arthroscopy, GI, laparoscopy and MIS spine procedures, to name a few, and the simulator can be quickly adjusted to replicate each one. Therefore, in theory, every student in a class could attempt every surgery being discussed without entering the OR. The fact that the simulators also provide feedback opens the door for independent learning, which, in the future, could also cut teaching costs.
So while the initial outlay may be high, teaching hospitals that have the funds available as well as a ‘bigger picture’ mindset could reap the rewards, and savings, in years to come.
Issues
As with any early stage technology, simulation and VR isn’t perfect. Detractors argue that if you are going to try and replicate surgery, then it has to be an exact, perfect replica. Because if it isn’t then that surgeon isn’t going in as prepared as he or she should be. In fact, if something happens in the real-life OR that didn’t occur in the simulation then practitioners could become flustered, as if they were over prepared for a different scenario. And while some of what we’re seeing is jaw dropping, it’s still impossible to truly replicate the feeling, emotion and pressure of surgery.
That being said, it’s important to remember that HCPs won’t only be taught by these simulators and will continue to take on board the advice and knowledge of senior physicians. Simulators won’t handle the entirety of the teaching process. Not yet, anyway.
The biggest stumbling block for simulators such as this is likely to be adoption. The technology is undoubtedly amazing, but for it to take off globally it depends on leaders from major teaching hospitals committing to it. This means making a significant investment into a brave new world, which would represent a completely new way of teaching and instruction to what has been carried out for decades. And while medical educators having to adapt to new technology is nothing new, fundamentally changing the way in which teaching is carried out is another step altogether.
Potential
So, in conclusion, VR and simulation has massive potential for medical education. I’ve seen first-hand the myriad of benefits these systems provide and how much they are turning heads in the medical space. So, is it a matter of time before these systems become commonplace in every hospital (that can afford it) and medical school around the world?
Immersive Touch says: “Virtual reality is the next biggest game changer for medicine”. If this is true then surely those who are willing to take the leap of faith and become early adopters will be richly rewarded in the future.
